Command |
Description |
ABS |
Used in form X = ABS(Y) it gives variable
X the absolute value of variable Y. The item in parenthesis can
be a constant or an equation. |
AND
800 |
Logical AND. Used in the form IF X = A AND
Y = B THEN... The statement following THEN is only executed if X
is equal to A and Y is equal to B. If neither, or only one
of the statements is true, control passes to the next line of the
program. ( Note: AND must be preceded by a space. ) See also Logical
Operators. |
Arithmetical
Operators |
The Arithmetical Operators used in programming
are shown below. Note particularly the signs used for raising to
a power, multiplication and division, which differ from those you
are accustomed to use. |
( ) |
Parenthesis - used to vary the priority
of operation ( operators within parentheses have priority ) |
^ |
Exponentiation - raise to a power ( Priority
1 ) |
- |
To indicate negative numbers only
( Priority 2 ) |
* |
Multiplication ( Priority 3 ) |
/ |
Division ( Priority 4 ) |
+ |
Addition ( Priority 5 ) |
- |
Subtraction ( Priority 6 )
Note that the + (addition) sign is also used for concatenation of
strings.
The equals sign ( = ) is not used in its normal arithmetical sense
but simply to assign values to variables.
The plus ( + ) and minus ( - ) signs are also used in MUSIC strings
to denote the upper and lower octave respectively.
The multiplication ( * ) and plus ( + ) signs are also used with
relational statements after IF-THEN as logical AND and OR. |
ASC |
Used in form X = ASC(A) it gives
the ASCII code for the character to variable X.
If used in the form X = ASC(B$) it assigns to X the ASCII code of
the first character within B$. |
ATN |
Used in the form X = ATN(Y) it assigns to
variable X the angle in radians that is the arc tangent of Y. |
AUTO
( A. ) |
This command automatically produces line
numbers to assist in entering BASIC programs. If used alone it starts
at line 10 and increments line numbers by 10. Either the starting
number ( S ) or the increment ( I ) or both can be defined if the
following forms are used:
AUTO S ( Start number )
AUTO,I ( Increment )
AUTO S,I ( Start number and increment ) |
AXIS
( AX. ) |
Plotter-printer command
Used in the form AXIS x,p,r it plots the X-axis of a graph when
x = 1 and the Y-axis when x = 0. The number of scale markings is
specified by r and the pitch, or distance apart, is specified by
p. Can be used in graphics mode only. |
BLINE
( BL. )
800 |
Erases lines by changing their colour to
match the background. It can be followed by a colour specification
in the form [palette code, superimpose mode]. If this is omitted,
the colour specification made in the current COLOR
statement is assumed. It must be followed by the relevant x,y coordinates
for the line(s) concerned. Compare LINE. |
BOOT |
Used in direct mode it has the same effect
as pressing the Reset button, returning control to the ROM monitor.
Compare BYE. |
BOX
( BO. )
800 |
This draws a rectangle, using the given
pairs of coordinates to locate the corners of the box. It can be
followed by a colour specification in the form [palette code, superimpose
mode]. If this is omitted, the current colour specification is assumed.
It must be followed by two pairs of x,y coordinates, and may be
followed by the final
palette code, which will be used to paint the interior of the box.
It is used in the form:
BOX [pc,sm],xl,yl,x2,y2,PC |
BYE
( B. ) |
Returns control of the computer from BASIC
to the machine code monitor in RAM. Can be used during program execution.
Compare BOOT. |
CHAIN
( CH. )
800 |
This command has a similar effect to executing
the LOAD and RUN commands.
It can be used from within one program to transfer control to another
program on the same tape or disk, or in the optional RAM file. Variables
or arrays can, however, be passed from the current program to the
program called. It is used in the form CHAIN Device name:
Filename", although the device name ( and separating colon
) can be omitted, which means that the default device will be used. |
CHR$ |
This is the inverse of ASC.
The function CHR$(X) returns the character whose ASCII code corresponds
to the numeric value of X. |
CIRCLE
( CI. )
700 |
Plotter-printer command
Used in the form CIRCLE x,y,r,s,e,d it is used to draw a circle
whose center is at coordinates x,y. The radius is defined by r and
the starting and ending angle by s and e in degrees. The number
d defines the stepping angle, and should be as small as possible
to give a smooth curve - the smallest practical -value is 0.2. Can
be used in graphics mode only. |
CIRCLE
( CI. )
800 |
Used in the form CIRCLE [PC,sm]x,y,r,a,sa,ea,0
it draws an ellipse, circle, arc or fan on the screen, depending
on the setting of the parameters. The colour specification may be
given in the form [palette code, superimpose
mode]. If omitted, the current colour specification is assumed.
The x, y coordinates mark the center of the circle, and are followed
by the radius. The aspect (a) sets the ratio of the x radius to
the y radius, and the starting angle and the end angle ( given in
radians ) specify where the drawing of the shape is to begin and
end. If the final 0 is omitted, an arc is drawn; if it is included,
a fan is drawn ( i.e. lines are drawn from the tips of the arc to
the center point ). |
CLOSE
( CLO. )
700 |
Closes a cassette data file after it has
been opened with either WOPEN or ROPEN. Failure to use CLOSE when
WOPEN or ROPEN has been
used results in an error occurring.
|
CLOSE#
( CLO.# )
800 |
Used alone, this command closes
all open files and frees all logical numbers. If followed by # and
a logical number it closes only that file. |
CLR |
Clears all numeric variables to 0 and all
string variables to a blank string. All previously executed DIM
statements are nullified, and so before arrays can be used again
fresh DIM statements have to be executed. |
CLS |
Clears screen and moves cursor to the home
position. |
COLOR
( COL. )
700 |
Sets foreground and background colours at a specific position
on the screen. Choice of 8 different colours for both foreground
and background, as shown below:
Colour No. |
Colour |
0
|
|
Black |
1
|
|
Blue |
2
|
|
Red |
3
|
|
Purple |
4
|
|
Green |
5
|
|
Light blue |
6
|
|
Yellow |
7
|
|
White |
The X ( 0 to 39 ) and Y ( 0 to 24 ) coordinates may be stated,
followed by the number for the foreground colour, then the number
for the background colour. If it is desired to set the colour
for the whole screen, the X and Y coordinates are omitted although
the commas must still be shown e.g.
COLOR 7,1 produces white characters on a blue background
( the standard setting ).
|
COLOR
( COL. )
800 |
Specifies the palette code and optional
superimpose mode which will be used by succeeding PRINT,
SET, RESET, LINE,
BLINE, BOX, CIRCLE,
PAINT, PATTERN and SYMBOL
commands. Used in the form
COLOR [PC,sm.] |
CONSOLE
( CONS. )
700 |
Specifies size of scroll area ( that is,
area cleared by CLS ). It takes the form CONSOLE SL,NL,SC,NC where
SL is the starting line for the scroll area and NL is the number
of lines within the scroll area. SC and NC represent the starting
column and number of columns within the scroll area. CONSOLE used
alone returns to normal operation i.e. full screen scrolling. |
CONSOLE
( CONS. )
800 |
Specifies size of scroll area ( that is,
area cleared by CLS ). It takes the form CONSOLE
SL, NL where SL is the starting line for the scroll area and NL
is the number of lines within the scroll area. CONSOLE used alone
returns to normal operation ( i.e. Full screen scrolling ). |
CONT
( C. ) |
Restarts execution of a program which has
been stopped by using SHIFT / BREAK, or by a STOP
or an END statement. Program restarts from the
point where it was stopped. The CONT command cannot be used:
1. Before a program has been started using RUN.
2. If an error occurs and Ready appears.
3. If an operation using the cassette tape bas been stopped.
4. If the program was stopped during a MUSIC
statement.
5. If 'Ready' appears after the execution of an END
statement. |
COS |
When used in the form X = COs(Y), this function
assigns the cosine of Y ( where Y is in radians ) to variable X.
( Y can either be a constant or an equation. ) |
CSRH
800 |
System variable which contains
the current column position of the cursor ( horizontal location
) |
CSRV
800 |
System variable which contains
the current line position of the cursor ( vertical location ) |
CURSOR
( CU. ) |
Used to move the cursor to any chosen point
on the TV screen, it can be used in conjunction with the PRINT
and INPUT statements to position characters
on the screen. The X ( 0 to 39 ) and Y ( 0 to 24 ) coordinates of
the required location must be specified, separated by a comma, e.g.
CURSOR X,Y |
DEF FN |
This command defines a function which can
be named by a single letter ( A to Z ). The definition can be made
up from combinations of other BASIC functions. For example, DEF
FNA (X) = X * X sets up a function called A which, whenever called,
returns the square of the number to which it is applied. Subsequently
FNA(X) can be called and the computer will return the square of
the number X. |
DEF KEY |
Assigns character string up to 15 characters
long to any one of the ten function keys so that the string can
subsequently be entered by pressing that key. |
DEFAULT
( DEF. )
800 |
Defines device name to be assumed
when the device name is omitted from commands which may take it
as a parameter. It is used in the form DEFAULT Device:" |
DELETE
( D. ) |
Deletes specified program lines.
DELETE 50 deletes line 50 only
DELETE 50- deletes line 50 to end of program
DELETE 50-100 deletes lines 50 to 100 inclusive
DELETE -50 deletes from the beginning of the program up to and including
line 50 |
DELETE
( D. )
800 |
If you have the optional RAM
file card this command can be used to delete files. It is used in
the form
DELETE "RAM: Filename" |
DIM |
Used to define arrays of one to four dimensions,
with the space reserved in the memory for the number of dimensions
selected. The array name may consist of up to two characters and
the dimension sizes may be defined by subscripts of any value subject
only to the limitations of memory capacity, or can be declared by
a variable or equation. Variable or string arrays can be declared. |
DIR
800 |
If you have the optional RAM file card,
this command can be used to display the names of the files it currently
holds. It can be used in the form DIR RAM for display to the screen,
or DIR/P RAM to send output to a printer. |
END
( E. ) |
Ends program execution and displays 'Ready'
to show that the BASIC interpreter has been returned to the command
mode and that Direct Mode commands can be input. When the END statement
is used all open files are closed. |
EOF(#)
( EO.(#) )
800 |
Used to find the end of a file,
but cannot be used with the data recorder. |
ERL |
System variable which, when an error occurs,
holds the line number of the error. |
ERN |
System variable which, when an error occurs,
holds the appropriate error number.
( MZ-700 error numbers are explained
here ). |
EXP |
Used in the form X = EXP(Y), this function
assigns to X the original number of which Y is the natural log.
Compare LN. |
FOR-NEXT
( F.-N. ) |
Repeats instructions given in lines between
FOR and NEXT the number of times specified in the line commencing
with FOR. |
GET |
When used during the running of a program,
the keyboard is surveyed, and if any key is pressed, the corresponding
value is assigned to a specified variable. The variable can be a
numeric or string variable. If no keys are pressed the variable
is left empty. |
GOSUB -
RETURN
( GOS. -
RET. ) |
Transfers program execution
to a BASIC subroutine beginning at a specified line number <<or
label>>. On completion of the subroutine, the end of which
is marked by RETURN, the program continues
from the statement immediately following the GOSUB statement. |
GOTO
( G. ) |
Program execution jumps to
a specified line number <<or label>>. The program continues
from that line. |
GPRINT
( GP. ) |
Plotter-printer command
Used in the form GPRINT [s,d],A$ it prints the specified string
in the character size defined by s ( 0 - 63 ) and in the direction
defined by d ( 0 - 3 ). Can be used in graphics mode only. |
HCOPY
( HC. )
800 |
Copies the contents of the
screen to the printer.
Can
only be used with the MZ-80P5(K) printer, not with the plotter-printer. |
HEX$ |
Used in the form HEX$ (X) it
converts the decimal number X into hexadecimal. Compare
$. |
HSET
( H. ) |
Plotter-printer command
Sets current position of the pen as the new origin. This can be
the position that best facilitates the drawing of figures. A MOVE
statement is often used before this command. Can be used in graphics
mode only. |
IF - ERL |
ERL gives the number of a line
in which there is an error. It is used with IF
- THEN or IF - GOTO to direct control
to an error trapping or other routine. |
IF - ERN |
ERN returns a number specifying
the kind of error which has occurred. It is used with IF
- THEN or IF - GOTO to send control to
an error trapping or other routine. |
IF -
GOSUB
( IF -
GOS. )
|
Specifies conditions under
which program execution is transferred to a BASIC subroutine. |
IF - GOTO
( IF - G. ) |
Specifies conditions under
which the program execution jumps to a given line number <<or
label>> from which the program then continues. |
IF - THEN
( IF - TH. ) |
Specifies conditions required
before certain statements ( those following THEN ) are executed. |
IF - THEN -
ELSE
( IF - TH. -
EL. )
800
|
If the conditions specified
by the IF statement are true, the statements following THEN are
executed; otherwise the statements following ELSE are executed. |
INIT
800 |
Defines initial settings and
modes for external devices. Used in the form INIT "Device:
parameter(s)" |
INP |
Allows input of data from an
external device via an optional interface board. Used in the form
INP# P,D <<INP@ P,D>> it reads 8-bit data from port
P ( 0 - 239 <<0 - 127>> only ) converts it into
decimal and assigns the result to variable D. |
INPUT
( I. ) |
Used for entering data from
the keyboard for assignment to variables during program execution. |
INPUT/T
( I./T )
700 |
Same use as INPUT (I.) but
data is read from tape. If a ROPEN statement
has not been used to open a data file, an error occurs. |
INPUT#
( I.# )
800 |
Sequentially reads data items
into a program from the file opened with the ROPEN#
statement. If followed by a logical number, this must correspond
with that following the ROPEN# command. |
INT |
Used in the form X = INT(Y)
it assigns to variable X the greatest integer value which is less
than or equal to the value of variable Y ( i.e. it removes the decimal
part of a number by rounding down ). |
JOY
700 |
Joystick command ( MZ-700 only
)
Used in the form JOY(n) where n is a number from 0 - 8. When n =
0 it reads the input for the X axis of joystick 1. This input can
be in the range 0 - 255. When n = 1, the Y axis of joystick 1 is
read. 2 and 3 respectively read the X and Y axes of joystick 2.
When n has a value of 4 the state of switch 1 of joystick 1 is returned
in the form 0 = OFF, -1 = ON. When n = 5, switch 2 of joystick 1
is scanned. 6 and 7 relate respectively to switches 1 and 2 of joystick
2. |
KEY LIST
( K.L. ) |
Lists the character strings
corresponding to the definable functions keys. |
KILL#
( KI.# )
800 |
Stops writing of data into
the file specified by the logical number following # but if
no logical number is specified it stops all current data writing.
It also closes the file(s) concerned and frees the logical number(s)
for reuse. |
LABEL
( LA. )
800 |
Used in the form LABEL "NAME"
it defines a label which can then be used instead of a line number
for the destination of a GOTO or GOSUB
command. |
LEFT$ |
Used in the form A$ = LEFT$(X$,N)
this function replaces A$ with N characters from the left hand end
of string variable X$. (N can be a constant, variable or equation.) |
LEN |
Used in the form LEN(X$) this
function gives the number of characters contained in the string
or string variable represented by X$. Spaces and control characters
are counted, as well as letters, numbers or symbols. |
LET |
Assigns a numeric or string
value to a specified variable or array element e.g. LET A = 10.
LET may be omitted e.g. A = 10. |
LIMIT
( LIM. ) |
Specifies the upper limit of
the memory area which can be used by the BASIC interpreter. Memory
area above that specified by LIMIT statement can be used for particular
data or for machine code programs. LIMIT is used either with a decimal
number from 0 to 65279 or a 4 digit hexadecimal number from $0000
to $FEFF, and must be used at the beginning of a BASIC program.
LIMIT MAX is used to cancel LIMIT. |
LINE
700 |
Plotter-printer command ( 700
only )
Used in the form LINE %n,x,y,a,b. The number n specifies the type
of line drawn in the range 1 - 16 and the coordinates x,y define
the starting point and a,b the finishing point. ( If %n is omitted,
the previous value of n is used.) Can be used only in graphics mode. |
LINE
( LIN. )
800 |
Draws lines connecting given
points. It can be followed by a colour specification; if this is
omitted the current colour specification is assumed. It must be
followed by the x,y coordinates of all the points to be connected.
It is used in the form
LINE [PC,sm] x1,y1,x2,y2...
The lines drawn can be erased by BLINE. |
LIST
( L. ) |
Lists all or part of the program
stored in the computer on the display screen.
LIST 50 lists line 50 only
LIST 50- lists line 50 to end of program
LIST 50-100 lists lines 50 to 100 inclusive
LIST -50 lists from beginning of program to line 50 |
LIST/P
( L./P ) |
Lists all or part of the program
stored in the computer on the printer. See LIST
for various methods of use. |
LN |
Used in the form X = LN(Y)
it calculates the natural log of Y and assigns the result to variable
X. Compare EXP. |
LOAD
( LO. ) |
Loads a BASIC source program
or machine code program from cassette tape into RAM. If no file
name is specified, the first program found is loaded. If a file
name is specified e.g. LOAD "Filename" only the program
specified by that file name is loaded. A file name may contain up
to 16 characters.
<<With the MZ-800 you can use the form LOAD "CMT:Filename"
or LOAD "RAM:Filename" to load from a cassette tape
or the optional RAM file card respectively.
|
LOG |
Used in the form X = LOG(Y)
it calculates the common log of Y and assigns the result to variable
X. |
Logical
Operators |
Logical operators can be used
with two or more relational expressions in an IF
- THEN statement to give the effect of logical AND
and OR. The relational statements must be in parentheses. |
* |
Logical AND. Used in the form
IF (X=A) * (Y=B) THEN... The statement following THEN is only executed
if X is equal to A and Y is equal to B. If neither, or only one
of the relational statements is true, control passes to the next
line of the program. |
+ |
Logical OR. Used in the form
IF (XA) + (YB) THEN... The statement following THEN is executed
if either X is equal to A or Y is equal to B. If neither of the
relational statements is true, control passes to the next line of
the program. |
MERGE
( ME. ) |
Appends program read from cassette
tape <<or other device name specified>> to the program
in the memory. MERGE can be used with or without a filename ( See
LOAD ). If used without a filename, the computer
appends the first program found. If any line numbers in the program
appended are the same as those in the program in the memory, the
lines in the program appended replace the corresponding ones in
the program in the memory. |
MID$ |
Used in form A$ = MID$(X$,M,N)
this function replaces A$ with the N characters from the Mth character
of string variable X$. ( N can be a constant, variable or equation.
) |
MOD
800 |
Used in the form X MOD Y it
gives the remainder which is left when X is divided by y. |
MODE
GR
( M.GR )
700 |
Plotter-printer command ( 700
only )
Switches printer to graphics mode for printout of graphs and charts.
When used, every state excluding pen colour and print size returns
to its original state. |
MODE TL
( M.TL )
700 |
Plotter-printer command ( 700
only )
Returns the printer from the graphics mode to the text mode. The
character size is set at 26 characters per line ( large size ). |
MODE TN
( M.TN )
700 |
Plotter-printer command ( 700
only )
Returns the printer from the graphics mode to the text mode. The
character size is set at 40 characters per line ( normal size ). |
MODE TS
( M.TS )
700 |
Plotter-printer command ( 700
only )
Returns the printer from the graphics mode to the text mode. The
character size is set at 80 characters per line ( small size ). |
MOVE
700 |
Plotter-printer command ( 700
only )
Lifts and moves the pen to a specified location. Can be used in
graphics mode only. |
MUSIC
( MU. )
700 |
The statement MUSIC X$ performs
music or sound effects as specified in X$. Octave, scale and duration
are assigned through characters in the string variables. |
MUSIC
( MU. )
800 |
Generates melody or sound effects
as specified by the parameters which follow. Three-part music can
be played. Octave, scale, duration, tempo, volume, envelope shape
and rate of change can all be specified. |
MUSIC INIT
( MU.INIT )
800 |
Initializes the music and noise
settings. |
MUSIC
STOP
( MU.S. )
800 |
Stops sound generation. |
MUSIC
WAIT
( MU.W. )
800 |
Suspends program execution
until all notes in the current MUSIC statement have been played. |
NEW |
Clears program currently in
memory. All variables become 0 or a space. This statement does not
reset the clock nor does it clear the machine language area set
by the LIMIT statement. NEW should be used
to clear the program in memory before entering another. It is not
necessary to use NEW before loading a BASIC program from tape as
the LOAD command automatically clears the BASIC
text. |
NEW ON
800 |
Expands area available for
BASIC programs by deleting the part of BASIC which controls the
plotter-printer. It cannot be used prior to running programs which
require the plotter-printer. It also clears the BASIC program area
in the same way as NEW. |
NOISE
( NO. )
800 |
Generates white noise as specified
by the parameters which follow the command and which are similar
to those used in MUSIC statements. |
NOT
800 |
Logical negation. Used in the
form IF NOT X=A THEN... The statement following THEN is only executed
if X is not equal to A; otherwise control passes to the next line
of the program. |
ON ERROR
GOTO
( ON ERR.
G. ) |
If an error occurs, program
execution jumps to the specified line number <<or label>>
which would be the beginning of an error trap or other routine. |
ON -
GOSUB
( ON - G. ) |
After a specified numeric variable,
array element or expression, program execution is transferred to
a BASIC subroutine beginning at a given line number <<or label>>.
On completion of the subroutine indicated by RETURN,
the program continues from the statement immediately following the
ON - GOSUB statement. |
ON -
GOTO
( ON - G. ) |
After a specified numeric variable,
array element or expression, program execution jumps to a given
line number <<or label>>. The program continues from
that line. |
OR
800 |
Logical OR. Used in the form
IF X=A OR Y=B THEN... The statement following THEN is executed if
either X is equal to A or Y is equal to B. If neither of the relational
statements is true, control passes to the next line of the program. |
Other
Symbols |
Other certain characters act
as instructions to the computer, as well as their normal literal
or punctuation function, as follows: |
# |
Hash. Used as a 'mask' to format
numerical output with PRINT USING. Also
used as a separator with OUT and INP
commands ( 700 only ). |
. |
Full stop. Signifies decimal
point in number, or position of decimal point required in a format
mask. |
, |
Comma. Used to format strings
or variables printed to the screen, it acts as a tabulating instruction
spacing output in columns 10 characters wide. It is also used as
a separator between items of data, and can be used to indicate the
position of commas required in a format mask. |
! |
Exclamation mark. After PRINT
USING command it causes only the first character of the following
string to be printed. |
& |
Ampersand. After PRINT
USING command it can be used to cause a specified number of
characters from a string to be displayed. |
** |
Asterisks. A pair of asterisks
at the beginning of a format mask after a PRINT
USING command means that leading zeros will be replaced by asterisks. |
££ |
Pounds. A pair of pound signs
at the beginning of a format mask after a PRINT
USING command means that a £ sign will be displayed immediately
to the left of the number. A single £ sign would be displayed
to the left of the formatted area. |
$$ |
Dollars. When used in a format
mask after a PRINT USING command operates
in similar fashion to the £ sign ( see above
). |
$ |
Dollar - also read as 'string'.
When used as a suffix ( e.g. A$ ) it indicates that the variable
it follows is a string variable. It also indicates certain commands
as related to string handling ( e.g. LEFT $ ). If used before a
number, it indicates that the number is in hexadecimal form. The
command PRINT$FF will print the hexadecimal number FF in decimal
form. |
↑↑↑↑ |
Exponential operators. May
be included at the end of a format mask after a PRINT
USING statement to control display of numbers in exponential
form. |
: |
Colon. Used as a separator
where two or more BASIC statements are included in one program line. |
; |
Semicolon. Used in PRINT
statements to indicate that following PRINT output must be displayed
next to the present output, and must not start a new line. |
Reverse
Arrows
|
Cursor control symbols used
in PRINT statements ( see also CURSOR
). |
Reverse 'C' |
Clear screen instruction used
in PRINT statements ( see also CLS
). |
Reverse 'H' |
Cursor to Home position instruction
used in PRINT statements ( see also CURSOR
). |
OUT |
Allows the output of data to
an external device via an optional interface board. Used in the
form OUT# P,D <<OUT@ P,D>> it converts the decimal number
D into binary and outputs it to port P < 0 - 239 <<0 -
127>> only ). |
PAGE
( PA. ) |
Plotter-printer command
This command gives the number of lines per page ( between 1 and
72 ). Can be used in text mode only. |
PAI |
Used in the form X=PAI(Y) it
assigns to variable X the result of Y multiplied by pi ( 3.1415297
). |
PAINT
( PAI. )
800 |
Fills in an area on the screen
in a specified colour. Used in the form PAINT [PC],x,y,bc this command
fills in the area in which coordinates x and y designate a convenient
point, and which is surrounded by the boundary colour specified
in BC, with the colour specified by the palette code PC Note that
if the coordinates given lie on the border, filling in will not
take place. It is also essential that the designated area is fully
enclosed by the border, or painting will 'spill over' on to the
rest of the display. |
PAL
800 |
Used in the form PAL PC,cc
it assigns a colour code to a palette code, thus making it possible
to change the selection of colours currently available. |
PATTERN
( PAT. )
800 |
Allows the user to define his
own graphics pattern. It is used in the form PATTERN [PC,sm]n,text
data
The colour specification consists of palette code and superimpose
mode, although this can be omitted, in which case the current colour
specification will be used. The command must be followed by the
number of rows of 8 dots, and the actual format of each row is controlled
by the text data which must correspond to the binary representation
of the dot patterns. |
PCIRCLE
( PCI. )
800 |
Plotter-printer command ( 800
only )
PCIRCLE operates in identical fashion to the MZ-700 plotter-printer
command CIRCLE ( q.v. ) but has to take
the form PCIRCLE to distinguish it from the screen graphics command
CIRCLE. |
PCOLOR
( PC. ) |
Specifies which colour pen
is to be used when characters or graphics are printed out. The command
is used in the form PCOLOR n where n is a number from 0 to 3. 0
= black, 1 = blue, 2
= green, 3 = red. |
PEEK
( PE. ) |
Used in the form PEEK (address)
this function gives the value held in a specified address as a decimal
number from 0 - 255. |
PHOME
( PH. ) |
Plotter-printer command
Returns the pen to its origin. Can be used in graphics mode only. |
PLINE
( PLI. )
800 |
Plotter-printer command ( 800
only )
Operates in identical fashion to the MZ-700 plotter-printer command
LINE ( q.v. ) but has to take the form PLINE
to distinguish it from the screen graphics command LINE. |
PLOT
OFF
( PL.OFF ) |
Plotter-printer command
Cancels use of plotter-printer as a display unit ( see PLOT
ON ). |
PLOT ON
( PL.ON ) |
Plotter-printer command
Enables the plotter-printer to function as a display unit so that
a television is not required. Can only be used when in MODE
TN <<PMODE TN>>. Canceled by PLOT
OFF. |
PMODE
( PM. )
800 |
Plotter-printer command ( 800
only )
Used in the forms PMODE TN, PMODE TL, PMODE TS, PMODE GR, it operates
in identical fashion to the MZ-700 plotter-printer MODE
commands ( q.v. ) but has to take the form PMODE to distinguish
it from the function MOD. |
PMOVE
800 |
Plotter-printer command ( 800
only )
Operates in identical fashion to the MZ-700 plotter-printer command
MOVE ( q.v. ). |
POINT
( PO. )
800 |
Used in the form A = POINT
x,y it assigns to variable A the palette code of the colour displayed
at the screen coordinates x,y. |
POKE
( PO. ) |
Used in form POKE A,N this
command inserts a number N ( between 0 and 255 ) into a memory address
assigned by variable A. Any memory address can be used regardless
of any limit set by the LIMIT statement, and
so care should be taken that no POKEs are made to the monitor or
the BASIC interpreter. |
POSH
800 |
System variable which contains
the horizontal coordinate of the graphics position pointer. |
POSITION
( POS. )
800 |
Used in the form POSITION x,y
to move the position pointer to the required coordinates where a
PATTERN command ( q.v. ) is to be executed. |
POSV
800 |
System variable which contains
the vertical coordinate of the graphics position pointer.
|
PRINT
( ? ) |
Displays on TV screen the numeric
variable, string variable and / or expression value following PRINT.
( See also PRINT USING, PRINT/P,
PRINT/T, PRINT [f,b]). |
PRINT
USING
( ? USI. ) |
Displays data in a specified
layout which is controlled by format masks. ( SeeOther
Symbols ). |
PRINT/P
( ?/P ) |
Performs same function as PRINT
but directs output to printer. |
PRINT/T
( ?/T ) |
Performs same function as PRINT
statement, but outputs data to cassette tape. |
PRINT#
( ?# )
800 |
Writes data sequentially from
a program to the file opened with the WOPEN#
statement. If followed by a logical number, this must correspond
with that following the WOPEN# command. |
PRINT
[f,b]
( ?{f,b] )
700 |
Used to add colour to PRINT
and PRINT USING [f,b] statements. f = foreground colour, b = background
colour. Colours are specified using a number from 0 to 7. |
PRINT [PC]
( ?[PC] )
800 |
Used to add colour to PRINT
and PRINT USING statements. The colour of the characters is specified
by the palette code (PC) but the background colour will be the current
screen background. |
PSKIP
( PS. )
800 |
Plotter-printer command ( 800
only )
Operates in identical fashion to the MZ-700 plotter-printer command
SKIP (q.v.). |
PTEST
800 |
Operates in identical fashion
to the MZ-700 plotter-printer command TEST (
q.v. ). |
RAD |
Used in the form X = RAD(Y)
it converts the value of Y ( where Y is in degrees ) to radians,
and assigns the result to variable X. |
READ -
DATA
( REA. -
DA. ) |
READ submits data stored in
the program in DATA statements to the computer. The DATA statement
is followed by a list of values which are assigned to the variables
which follow the READ statement. |
Relational
Operators |
Used with IF
- THEN to control subsequent program execution depending on
the result of a relational expression. If the condition in the relational
expression is not true, then control passes to the next line of
the program. |
= |
Equal to. Used in the form
IF X=Y THEN... If value of X is equal to the value of Y the statement
following THEN is executed. |
> |
Greater than. Used in the form
IF X>Y THEN... If the value of X is greater than the value of
Y the statement following THEN is executed. |
< |
Used in the form IF X<Y
THEN... If the value of X is less than the value of Y the statement
following THEN is executed. |
<> or >< |
Not equal to. Used in the form
IF X<>Y THEN... If the value of X is not equal to the value
of Y the statement following THEN is executed. |
>= Or => |
Greater than or equal to. Used
in the form IF X>=Y THEN... If the value of X is greater than
or equal to the value of Y the statement following THEN is executed. |
<= Or =< |
Less than or equal to. Used
in the form IF X<=Y THEN... If the value of X is less than or
equal to the value of Y the statement following THEN is executed. |
REM
( ' ) |
Allows comments or explanatory
notes to be included in the program listing without any effect on
the program execution. |
RENAME
( RENA. )
800 |
If you have the optional RAM
file card this command can be used to rename a given file. It is
used in the form RENAME "RAM:AFILE","ZFILE". |
RENUM
( REN. ) |
Renumbers lines of a BASIC
program. Used alone it renumbers program lines starting with 10
and incrementing by 10. If a single number follows the command,
it starts renumbering with that as the first number and increments
by 10. It can also be followed by three numbers separated by commas.
The first is the new first line number, the second is the old line
number from which renumbering is to start, and the third is the
increment.
Thus RENUMBER 10,5,1 starts with old line 5, which becomes the new
first line 10, and lines thereafter are incremented by 1. |
RESET |
Used to turn off dot at a point
on the screen by x, y coordinates in the ranges x = 0 to 79 <<0
to 319 or 639>>, y = 0 to 49 <<0 to 199>>. |
RESTORE
( RES. ) |
Restores a pointer in the BASIC
interpreter, which is used when a READ statement
is executed, to the first entry in the first DATA
statement in the program or to a specified line number <<or
label>>. |
RESUME
( RESU. ) |
Returns control to the main program after an error has been processed.
There are four forms in which the error statement can be used:
RESUME |
Returns to line where error occurred. |
RESUME NEXT |
Returns to line after line where error occurred. |
RESUME L |
Returns to line number L. |
RESUME 0 |
Returns to start of main routine. |
|
RIGHT$ |
Used in form A4 = RIGHT$(X$,N)
this function replaces A$ with N characters from the right hand
end of string variable X$. ( N can be a constant, variable or equation.
) |
RLINE
( RL. ) |
Plotter-printer command
Used in the form RLINE %n,x,y,a,b this command draws a line from
the current pen position to a position specified by means of relative
coordinates ( x,y ) and then continues the line to a position specified
through a second pair of relative coordinates ( a,b ) and so on.
The type of line drawn can be specified by %n where n is between
1 - 16. If %n is omitted, the previous value of n is used. Can be
used in graphics mode only. |
RMOVE
( RM. ) |
Plotter-printer command
Used in the form RMOVE x,y this command lifts the pen and moves
it to a position specified using relative coordinates x,y. Can be
used in graphics mode only. |
RND |
Used in the form RND(X) where
X is a positive number it returns a pseudo-random number in the
range from 0.00000001 to 0.99999999, each number being generated
from the previous pseudo-random number in a given series. If X is
zero or a negative number, the pseudo-random number generator is
initialized to the beginning of the series, thus allowing the series
to be repeated. |
ROPEN
( RO. )
700 |
Opens file for reading numeric
variables and string variables stored on cassette tape. |
ROPEN#
( RO.# )
800 |
Opens a file for input. It
is used in the form ROPEN#n, "Device:Filename" where n
represents the logical number assigned to the combination of Device
name and Filename. The Device name does not have to be specified,
if the current or default device is to be used. ( See also INPUT#
and CLOSE#. ) |
RUN
( R. ) |
Executes BASIC program stored
in computer. May start from specific line number e.g. RUN 100. This
command clears all variables and arrays before commencing execution.
<<With the MZ-800 you can use the form RUN "CMT:Filename"or
RUN "RAM:Filename" to load and run a program from tape
or from the optional RAM file card respectively.>>
|
SAVE
( SA. ) |
Stores BASIC program on cassette
tape. When used in the form SAVE "Filename", the filename
is entered on to the tape before the program.
<< «With the MZ-800 it is possible to use the format
SAVE "CMT:Filename" which directs the computer to save
the program to the cassette tape or SAVE "RAM:Filename"
which stores the program on the optional RAM file card.>> |
SEARCH
( SE. )
800 |
Used in the form SEARCH "text
data" it searches the BASIC program currently in memory for
every occurrence of the specified string, and displays the lines
containing the string. Output can be directed to the printer by
using the form SEARCH/P. |
SET
700 |
Used to turn on a dot at a
point on the screen specified by x,y coordinates in the ranges x
= 0 to 79, y = 0 to 49. The colour of the dot can be specified by
following the coordinates with a code from 0 to 7. ( See COLOR
for explanation of code. ) |
SET
800 |
Used to turn on a dot at a
point on the screen specified by x,y coordinates in the range x
= 0 to 319 ( or 639 in Mode 2 ) and y = 0 to 199. The colour
of the dot can be controlled by specifying the palette code ( and
superimpose mode if required ); otherwise the current colour specification
is assumed. It is used in the form SET [PC,sm]x,y |
SGN |
Used in the form X = SGN(Y).
If Y is negative, -1 is assigned to X; if positive, 1 is assigned
to X. If, however, Y equals zero, then zero is assigned to X. |
SIN |
Used in the form X = SIN(Y)
it assigns to variable X the sine of Y ( in radians ). |
SIZE |
Used in form PRINT SIZE, this
function states the number of bytes still available for storage
of BASIC programs and data in the memory. |
SKIP
( SK. )
700 |
Plotter-printer command ( 700
only )
Feeds paper specified number of lines in the range -20 to 20. The
paper is fed forward when a positive number is entered and backwards
when a negative number is entered e.g. SKIP 4 or SKIP -16. Can be
used in text mode only. |
SOUND
( SO. )
800 |
Used in the form SOUND p,d
it generates sound as specified by the pitch and duration parameters
which follow it. It can also be used in the form SOUND = (r,d) where
the parameters in brackets represent the number of the sound register
and data respectively. This allows direct control of the sound generator. |
SPC |
Used in form PRINT SPC (n);
this function creates n spaces on the screen and moves the cursor
n character positions to the right of its current location. |
SQR |
Used in the form X = SQR(Y)
it calculates the square root of Y and assigns the result to X.
Y must be greater than or equal to zero ( i.e. Not a negative number). |
STICK
( STI. )
800 |
Used in the form X = STICK
(n)it assigns to variable X a value between 1 and 8, which indicates
the position of the joystick lever, or cursor key(s) being pressed.
When n = 0 the cursor keys are read, whereas values of 1
and 2 check the input from joystick ports 1 and 2 respectively. |
STOP
( S. ) |
Stops running of program temporarily.
Program normally continues after CONT has been entered. ( See CONT
) |
STR$ |
Used in form STR$(X) this function
creates a string of ASCII characters using the numeric characters
which represent the value of X. ( Compare VAL
) |
STRIG
( ST. )
800 |
Joystick / keyboard command
( 800 only )
Used in the form Y = STRIG (n) it assigns to variable Y a value
of 1 or 0, which indicates whether the 'Fire' button is being pressed
(1) or not (0). When n = 0, the space bar is used as the 'Fire'
button, whereas values of 1 and 2 respectively relate to the 'Fire'
buttons of joysticks 1 and 2 respectively. |
SYMBOL
( SY. )
800 |
Draws a character on the screen
in varying degrees of magnification and at various angles. It can
be followed by a colour specification in the form [palette code,
superimpose mode]. Otherwise the current colour specification is
assumed. It is used in the form SYMBOL [PC,sm]x,y,text,h,v,a where
x and y are the screen coordinates, text signifies the character(s)
to be represented, h and v are the horizontal and vertical magnifications
respectively ( in a range from 1 to 255 ) and a is the angle code.
The angle code can take a value from 0 to 3, where 0 represents
normal orientation, 1 is turned through 90 degrees, 2 is 180 degrees
and 3 is 270 degrees. |
TAB |
Used in form TAB(X); with PRINT
statements, this function moves the cursor to character location
X + 1 positions from the left side of the screen. |
TAN |
Used in the form X TAN(Y) it
assigns to variable X the tangent of Y ( in radians ). |
TEMPO
( TEM. ) |
Sets tempo of music effected
by subsequent MUSIC statements. It is used
in form TEMPO X where X is a numeric value from 1 ( slow ) to 7
( fast ). If it is not used, TEMPO 4 is assumed. |
TEST
( TE. )
700 |
Plotter-printer command ( 700
only )
Normally used in direct fashion, this command causes the printer
to draw squares in each of the four ink colours so as to check operation
of the printer and whether any of the pens requires changing. Can
be used in text mode only. |
TI$ |
System variable which contains
the hours, minutes and seconds which have elapsed since the computer
was switched on. This is the computers built-in clock and it can
be set to the current time of day by assigning a string to it giving
the current hours, minutes and seconds e.g. TI$ = "145500"
- the clock restarts at this time when CR is pressed after entering
this in Direct Mode. |
TROFF |
Trace off. This command turns
off the TRON function. |
TRON |
Trace on. This command turns
on a trace facility which prints to the screen the current BASIC
program line number as it is executed.
<<With the MZ-800 you can also use the form TRON/P to direct
the output to the printer.>> |
USR
( U. ) |
Used in the form USR (address)
this function shifts program control to a machine language routine
at the given memory address. |
VAL |
Used in form VAL (X$) this
function gives the numeric value of characters representing the
number within the string. ( Compare STR$ ) |
VERIFY
( V. ) |
Used to check that a program
has been recorded accurately on tape by the SAVE
command. Can be used in form VERIFY "Filename". If used
alone, verifies first program encountered on tape.
<<With the MZ-800 you can use the form VERIFY "CMT:Filename"
or VERIFY "RAM:Filename" to check programs saved to the
data recorder or optional RAM file card respectively.>> |
WAIT
( W. )
800 |
Used in the form WAIT n where
n is a number in thousandths of a second, it suspends program execution
for the specified time e.g. WAIT 2000 pauses for 2 seconds. |
WOPEN
( W. )
700 |
Opens file on cassette tape
before inputting numeric variables and string variables for storage
on tape.
|
WOPEN#
( WO.# ) |
Opens a file for output. It
is used in the form WOPEN#n, "Device:Filename" where n
represents the logical number assigned to the combination of Device
name and Filename. The Device name does not have to be specified,
if the current or default device is to be used. ( See also PRINT#
and CLOSE# ) |
XOR
800 |
Exclusive OR. Used in the form
IF X=A XOR Y=A THEN... The statement following THEN is executed
if either X is equal to A or Y is equal to A but not
if both are equal to A. If neither or both
are equal to A, then control passes to the next line of the program. |